¿Cuáles son las habilidades cognitivas y sociales requeridas por las empresas ecuatorianas para los puestos de trabajo de mediana y baja calificación?
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Publicado
abr 28, 2023
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Resumen
Este artículo examina los requisitos de habilidades cognitivas y sociales para los trabajadores de calificación media y baja en 3,661 empresas ecuatorianas. Los resultados de estadística descriptiva y la estimación de modelos Probit indican que la mitad de las empresas requieren del trabajador típico de media o baja calificación habilidades básicas de lectura, ortografía y gramática, y aritmética. El porcentaje es menor (42%), para las habilidades de resolución de problemas complejos. La habilidad de interacción con un equipo de trabajo es la más requerida de todas. Un 25% de las empresas requiere una combinación de todas las habilidades cognitivas y sociales. Hay una relación inversa entre las habilidades requeridas por las empresas, y su porcentaje de trabajadores de mediana o baja calificación. Las empresas con más trabajadores calificados exigen de sus trabajadores no calificados más habilidades cognitivas y sociales, lo que sugiere que los trabajadores con menos calificación podrían ser útiles para mejorar la productividad de los trabajadores más calificados. Se encontró correlación positiva entre diferentes habilidades cognitivas y sociales indicando complementariedad. Los hallazgos pueden guiar las decisiones de política pública de formación de habilidades en el sistema educativo, las políticas de capacitación para el mercado laboral, así como las prácticas empresariales de reclutamiento y capacitación de personal.
Palabras clave
habilidades cognitivas, habilidades sociales
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Citas
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Aghion, P., Bergeaud, A., Blundell, R. W., & Griffith, R. (2019). The Innovation Premium to Soft Skills in Low-Skilled Occupations. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3489777
Amaral, N., Azuara, O., González, S., Ospino, C., Pagés, C., Rucci, G., & Torres, J. (2019). El futuro en América Latina del trabajo y el Caribe: ¿ Cuáles son las ocupaciones y las habilidades emergentes más demandadas en la región ? http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001677
Autor, D. H. (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? the history and future of workplace automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.3
Autor, D. H., & Handel, M. J. (2013). Putting Tasks to the Test: Human Capital, Job Tasks, and Wages. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/669332
Autor, D., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. (2003). The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change : An Empirical Exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279–1333.
Bakhshi, H., Downing, J., Osborne, M., & Schneider, P. (2017). The Future Of Skills: Employment in 2030. https://futureskills.pearson.com/research/assets/pdfs/technical-report.pdf
Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in Human Capital : A Theoretical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49
Bisselo, M., & Fernández-Macías, E. (2018). Are Blue-Collar Jobs Turning White? • Social Europe. https://www.socialeurope.eu/are-blue-collar-jobs-turning-white
Brambilla, I., César, A., Falcone, G., Gasparini, L., & Lombardo, C. (2021). The Risk of Automation in Latin America. Documentos de Trabajo Del CEDLAS., 281(Junio), 1–30. www.cedlas.econo.unlp.edu.ar
Brunello, G., & Wruuck, P. (2021). Skill shortages and skill mismatch: A review of the literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 35(4), 1145–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12424
Casner-Lotto, Jill, and Linda Barrington, “Are They Really Ready to Work? Employers’ Perspectives on the Basic Knowledge and Applied Skills of New Entrants to the 21st Century US Workforce,” The Conference Board, New York
Caunedo, J., Keller, E., & Shin, Y. (2021). Technology and the Task Content of Jobs Across the Development Spectrum. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3824564
Cole, S., Cowell, Z., Nunley, J., & Seals, R. A. (2021). The Changing Task Content of Jobs for Older Workers in the United States. Working Paper. Center for Financial Security
De Vera, M., & Garcia-Brazales, J. (2021). Firm Size and the Task Content of Jobs: Evidence from 47 Countries. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3965077
Deming, D. J. (2017a). The growing importance of social skills in the labor market. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132(4), 1593–1640. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx022
Deming, (2017b). The Value of Soft Skills in the Labor Market. The Reporter, Vol. 4 https://www.nber.org/reporter/2017number4/value-soft-skills-labor-market
Deming, D., & Kahn, L. B. (2018). Skill requirements across firms and labor markets: Evidence from job postings for professionals. Journal of Labor Economics, 36(S1), S337–S369. https://doi.org/10.1086/694106
European Training Foundation (ETF) (2021). Changing skills for a changing world. Understanding skills demand in EU neighbouring countries. (A. Festi, U. Bardak, & F. Ross (eds.)). European Training Foundation.
Gasparini, L., Lombardo, C., Brambilla, I., César, A., & Falcone, G. (2021). Routinization and Employment: Evidence for Latin America. Documentos de Trabajo Del CEDLAS, 276, 1–50.
Handel, M. J. (2016). What do people do at work? A profile of U.S. jobs from the survey of workplace Skills, Technology, and Management Practices (STAMP). Journal for Labour Market Research, 49(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12651-016-0213-1
Handel, M. J. (2020). Job Skill Requirements: Levels and Trends. MIT Work of the Future Working Paper, 100590. https://workofthefuture.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/WotF-Working-Paper-02-2020.pdf
INEC (2018). Documento Metodológico de la Encuesta Estructural Empresarial (ENESEM). https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/Estadisticas_Economicas/Encuesta_Estructural_Empresarial/2018/2018_ENESEM_Metodologia.pdf
INEVAL. (2019). Resultados PIAAC. Competencias de la población adulta en Ecuador - 2019. https://www.evaluacion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2019/11/DIED_ResultadosPIAAC19_20191126.pdf
Maloney, W. F., & Molina, C. (2016). Are Automation and Trade Polarizing Developing Country Labor Markets, Too? (No. 7922; Policy Research Working Paper, Issue December). https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7922
Martins-Neto, A., Mathew, N., Mohnen, P., & Treibich, T. (2021). Is There Job Polarization in Developing Economies? A Review and Outlook. SSRN Electronic Journal, February. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3979349
Maurizio, R., & Monsalvo, A. P. (2021). Changes in occupations and their task content: implications for employment and inequality in Argentina, 2003–19. WIDER Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2021/949-5
Maxwell, N. L. (2006). Low-Skilled Jobs: The reality behind the popular perceptions. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1–23.
National Association of Colleges and Employers. (NACE) (2022). Career Readiness: Development and Validation of the NACE Career Readiness Competencies. 1–45.
OECD. (2016). What does age have to do with skills proficiency? (Issue April, No. 3).
International Labor Office (ILO) (2012). International Standard Classifi cation of Occupations: Structure, group defi nitions and correspondence tables. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15476-18
Pierre, G., Sanchez, M. L., Valerio, A., & Rajadel, T. (2014). STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills. Social Protection & Labor. Discussion Paper, 1421, 104. www.worldbank.org/sp.%0Ahttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/516741468178736065/pdf/897290NWP0P132085290B00PUBLIC001421.pdf
Ummuhan Bardak. (2021). Changing skills for a changing world. Understanding skills demand in EU neighbouring countries.
UNESCO. (2021). Informe de resultados del Estudio Regional Comparativo y Explicativo (ERCE 2019). http://evaluaciones.evaluacion.gob.ec/BI/estudio-regional-comparativo-y-explicativo-erce-2019/
World Economic Forum. (2020). The future of jobs report 2020 | world economic forum. The Future of Jobs Report, October, 1163. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2020/digest
Zieba, M. (2013). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIB) and Their Role in the Knowledge-Based Economy. In GUT FME Working Paper Series A (Issue 7).