Fairness, gender and their confounders
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Publicado
dic 26, 2017
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Resumen
Gender differences in behavior, both in economic and non-economic domains, have been observed consistently in experimental evidence. A general view derived from these efforts is that women are more altruistic and tend to show more pro-social behavior. By means of an Ultimatum Game, combined with other constructs to control for ability, preferences and personality traits, I present evidence of a laboratory experiment on senior high school students that suggests that gender is not a determinant factor on fairness behavior; in the sense that, once controlling for potential confounders, observed differences are negligible in statistical sense. I present results on two versions of the Ultimatum Game, the direct and strategy method, and find strong evidence of mean behavioral differences across methods but no gender differences within each approach. The document explores some potential routs of explanation.
Palabras clave
fairness, ultimatum games, gender differences, risk preferences
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Citas
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Goertzel, T. (1983). The gender gap: Sex, family income and political opinions in the early 1980’s. JPMS: Journal of Political and Military Sociology 11(2), 209.
Gottfredson, M. R. and T. Hirschi (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press.
Güth, W., R. Schmittberger, and B. Schwarze (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 3(4), 367 – 388.
Güth, W. and R. Tietz (1990). Ultimatum bargaining behavior: A survey and comparison of experimental results. Journal of Economic Psychology 11(3), 417–449.
Henrich, J., R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. Camerer, E. Fehr, H. Gintis, R. McElreath, M. Alvard, A. Barr, J. Ensminger, and et al. (2005). ”economic man” in cross-cultural
perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(6), 795–815.
Holt, C. A. and S. K. Laury (2002, December). Risk aversion and incentive effects. American Economic Review 92(5), 1644–1655.
Moore, D. (1996). Clinton’s increased support over past year: older independents, richest and poorest americans.’. Gallup News Service 60(48).
Niederle, M. and L. Vesterlund (2007). Do women shy away from competition? do men compete too much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(3), 1067–1101.
Sanfey, A. G., J. K. Rilling, J. A. Aronson, L. E. Nystrom, and J. D. Cohen (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science 300(5626), 1755–1758.
Schechter, L. (2007). Traditional trust measurement and the risk confound: An experiment in rural paraguay. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 62(2), 272–292.
Uesugi, T. K. and W. E. Vinacke (1963). Strategy in a feminine game. Sociometry, 75–88.
Brandts, J. and G. Charness (2011, Sep). The strategy versus the direct-response method: a first survey of experimental comparisons. Experimental Economics 14(3), 375–398.
Chapple, C. L. and K. A. Johnson (2007). Gender differences in impulsivity. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 5(3), 221–234.
Chen, D. L., M. Schonger, and C. Wickens (2016). otree- an open-source platform for laboratory, online, and field experiments. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 9(Supplement C), 88 – 97.
Christy, C. A. (1987). Sex differences in political participation: Processes of change in fourteen nations. Praeger Publishers.
Cooperstock, R. and P. Parnell (1982). Research on psychotropic drug use: A review of findings and methods. Social Science & Medicine 16(12), 1179–1196.
Crosetto, P. and A. Filippin (2013, Aug). The “bomb” risk elicitation task. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 47(1), 31–65.
Eagly, A. H. and M. Crowley (1986). Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological bulletin 100(3), 283.
Eckel, C. and P. Grossman (1998, 05). Are women less selfish than men? evidence from dictator games. 108, 726–35.
Eckel, C. and P. Grossman (2008, 01). Men, women and risk aversion: Experimental evidence. 1.
Eckel, C. C., H. Harwell, and J. G. Castillo G (2015). Four classic public goods experiments: A replication study. In Replication in experimental economics, pp. 13–40. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Harvard University Press.
Gneezy, U., M. Niederle, and A. Rustichini (2003). Performance in competitive environments: Gender differences. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(3), 1049–1074.
Gneezy, U. and A. Rustichini (2004). Gender and competition at a young age. The American Economic Review 94(2), 377–381.
Goertzel, T. (1983). The gender gap: Sex, family income and political opinions in the early 1980’s. JPMS: Journal of Political and Military Sociology 11(2), 209.
Gottfredson, M. R. and T. Hirschi (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press.
Güth, W., R. Schmittberger, and B. Schwarze (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 3(4), 367 – 388.
Güth, W. and R. Tietz (1990). Ultimatum bargaining behavior: A survey and comparison of experimental results. Journal of Economic Psychology 11(3), 417–449.
Henrich, J., R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. Camerer, E. Fehr, H. Gintis, R. McElreath, M. Alvard, A. Barr, J. Ensminger, and et al. (2005). ”economic man” in cross-cultural
perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(6), 795–815.
Holt, C. A. and S. K. Laury (2002, December). Risk aversion and incentive effects. American Economic Review 92(5), 1644–1655.
Moore, D. (1996). Clinton’s increased support over past year: older independents, richest and poorest americans.’. Gallup News Service 60(48).
Niederle, M. and L. Vesterlund (2007). Do women shy away from competition? do men compete too much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(3), 1067–1101.
Sanfey, A. G., J. K. Rilling, J. A. Aronson, L. E. Nystrom, and J. D. Cohen (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science 300(5626), 1755–1758.
Schechter, L. (2007). Traditional trust measurement and the risk confound: An experiment in rural paraguay. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 62(2), 272–292.
Uesugi, T. K. and W. E. Vinacke (1963). Strategy in a feminine game. Sociometry, 75–88.